Fight Medicine Research Institute

Version of recordNarrative, scoping or critical review

The spectrum of acute and chronic consequences of neurotrauma in professional and amateur boxing

A call to action is advocated to better understand and prevent this phenomenon

Michele Da Broi, Abdullah Al Awadhi, Philippe Voruz, Aria Nouri, Karl Schaller. 2024. Brain and Spine.

Published in Brain and Spine, a peer-reviewed journal

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2023.102743

Read the full textPDF filesPubMed 38510617

The medical question

What is known about deaths and lasting brain injury in boxing, and what is missing from the record?

The Fight Medicine Research Institute uses this evidence to frame questions about fatal and long-term brain injury in boxing and about how deaths in the sport are recorded. The article is a narrative review, and its fatality figures come from a collection built from news reports, which determines the questions it can inform.

Summary

A narrative review of brain injury in boxing that also analyses a collection of 2076 recorded boxing deaths, of which 65.2% followed a knockout.

What the work reports

  • The authors reviewed published research on short-term and long-term brain injury in boxing and analysed the latest version of the Velazquez collection of boxing deaths.
  • The collection lists 2076 deaths from 1720 onward. Of these, 1505 (73%) followed professional bouts, 1354 (65.2%) followed a knockout, and brain injury was the recorded cause in 1134 (54.6%).
  • The authors conclude that deaths and long-term brain injury continue despite rule changes, that their true extent is poorly known, and that systematic registration of boxing deaths is needed.

Limits to keep in mind

  • As a narrative review, the article does not describe how studies were selected or appraised.
  • The authors state that the Velazquez collection was not built with scientific methods and draws on newspaper articles, so its data may be incomplete or incorrect.
  • The fatality figures are counts of recorded deaths, and the article does not relate them to the number of boxers or bouts.
  • The authors found very little data on brain injury in female boxers, and the review reports none.

Source issues recorded

  • The publisher’s Crossref deposit gives the volume year, 2024, and no online publication date. The article states that it was available online on 30 December 2023, and Europe PMC records the same date. This record uses 30 December 2023 as the publication date and 2024 as the citation year.
  • PubMed Central and Europe PMC give the journal title as Brain & Spine. The journal itself and Crossref write Brain and Spine.

Publication status and notices

Published in Brain and Spine, a peer-reviewed journal. Narrative review in Brain and Spine.

Form of this work: Version of record. The version of record is the final article as issued by its publisher.

No correction or retraction notice was found in Crossref or Europe PMC when this record was checked.

Fight Medicine Research Institute contribution

Fight Medicine Research Institute selected and catalogued this study, prepared an original research summary and a narrative review, verified its bibliographic details, and maintains the associated citation record. It holds an unmodified copy of the published article under the article’s licence.

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Article details

Relationship
External research catalogued by the Fight Medicine Research Institute. The original authors, journal and DOI are unchanged.
Published online
No online date in the publisher’s Crossref deposit
Issue date
2024, volume 4
Repository date
30 December 2023 (Europe PMC first-publication date)
Date used here
30 December 2023 (Europe PMC first-publication date)
Rights
CC BY 4.0. Open access under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), as stated by the publisher. The summary on this page is Fight Medicine Research Institute’s own wording. An unmodified copy of the published article is held on this website under this licence. Licence terms.
Source check
, against PubMed Central full text, Crossref and Europe PMC. Checked under the direction of Casey C. Sears, Founder. An LLM was utilized as a research tool with direct human oversight.
Appraisal
The check covered bibliographic details, links, licence and notices. It is not a formal critical appraisal of the full paper.
Clinical review
None. This record is a research summary, not clinical education.
Funding and conflicts
The authors declare that they received no funding for the article and that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work.
Catalog
FH-042, added

Cite the original work

These files cite the work by its own authors, journal and DOI. Fight Medicine Research Institute appears only in a note, as curator of this catalog page.

Michele Da Broi, Abdullah Al Awadhi, Philippe Voruz, Aria Nouri, Karl Schaller. The spectrum of acute and chronic consequences of neurotrauma in professional and amateur boxing: A call to action is advocated to better understand and prevent this phenomenon. Brain and Spine. 2024;4:102743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2023.102743

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